Hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant Rohypnol, Hipnosedon, Vulbegal, Fluscand, Flunipam, Ronal, Rohydorm, Hypnodorm Īnxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsantĪnxiolytic, hypnotic, amnesic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant Controlled substance in some US states, Canada, Germany, Austria, and others. Often sold as a research chemical, but is approved for human use in many countries. Rivatril, Rivotril, Klonopin, Iktorivil, PaxamĪntenex, Apaurin, Apzepam, Apozepam, Diazepan, Hexalid, Normabel, Pax, Stesolid, Stedon, Tranquirit, Valium, Vival, ValaxonaĪnxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, amnesic Lectopam, Lexaurin, Lexatin, Lexotanil, Lexotan, Bromam Xanax, Helex, Xanor, Trankimazin, Onax, Alprox, Misar, Restyl, Solanax, Tafil, Neurol, Frontin, Kalma, Ksalol, Farmapram equivalent oral doses to 10 mg diazepam (mg)Įlimination half-life of active metabolite (hours) Equivalent doses of benzodiazepines differ as much as 20 fold. For example, the equivalent dose of diazepam in an elderly individual on lorazepam may be half of what would be expected in a younger individual. The changes are most notable with long acting benzodiazepines as these are prone to significant accumulation in such individuals and can lead to withdrawal symptoms.
Thus, the approximate equivalent of doses below may need to be adjusted accordingly in individuals on short acting benzodiazepines who metabolize long-acting benzodiazepines more slowly and vice versa. Individuals with an impaired liver also metabolize benzodiazepines more slowly. Due to increased sensitivity and potentially dangerous adverse events among elderly patients, it is recommended to avoid prescribing them as specified by the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria. It is fairly important to note that elimination half-life of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, as well as other long half-life benzodiazepines, is twice as long in the elderly compared to younger individuals. Shorter-acting benzodiazepines are often preferred for insomnia due to their lesser hangover effect.
Long-acting benzodiazepines with long-acting active metabolites, such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, are often prescribed for benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal as well as for anxiety if constant dose levels are required throughout the day. Active metabolites are produced when a person's body metabolizes the drug into compounds that share a similar pharmacological profile to the parent compound and thus are relevant when calculating how long the pharmacological effects of a drug will last. Some benzodiazepines produce active metabolites.
Variation in potency of certain effects may exist amongst individual benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines generally share the same pharmacological properties, such as anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, skeletal muscle relaxant, amnesic, and anticonvulsant effects. "Time to peak" refers to when maximum levels of the drug in the blood occur after a given dose. The elimination half-life is how long it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body. The below tables contain a sample list of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogs that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics, such as half-life and equivalent doses to other benzodiazepines, also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses.
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